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Not all particles show all the fields on the "particle defaults" page because sometimes it just make no sense to set a default for a particular field i.e. you would only set the value in the context of how you are using it in the instance of the particle that you create.
In joomla particles can be used in two different ways:
1. You can just drag and drop the particle on to the layout of your outline. This means you are probably making the outline more "page specific" and therefore will have more outlines.
OR
2. You can drag and drop a "module position" particle on to the layout of your outline and give it a "key" of whatever you like. Then in Joomla Module manager you can create a "Gantry 5 particle" module and in that choose the particle that you want. Then you can assign that module to any position on the layout of your outline (including the position you just created). So, this method means that your pages are more "page generic" since you are just assigning modules to positions on the layout (just like you always have in Joomla). Of course this method also means you can use Joomla ACL to decide which users get to see the module content too.
In reality you will likely use both of the above techniques at the same time... e.g. particles directly on the layout for things like logo, menu , footer, copyright, "page content" etc and "module position" particle on the layout for areas where you want to change the content for different pages.
The class field on particles is for you to use how you want to add your own classes that you can refer to in custom CSS to style your particles. the "block variation" field (which are really our inbuild classes) are offered in a dropdown for you to choose from for common styling requirements such as "center" "align right" "box1" etc.
Some templates also use template specific classes for particles too and these are described in the templates documentation.
I hope that helps.
Regards, Mark.
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