I checked with our developers on this one and this is what they said:
Joomla doesn't load jquery at all in error page even if you ask it to it just doesn't load it.
You can load css/js from particles, though - but loading modules should be avoided.
In normal joomla error page you cannot have anything in it, no modules, nothing.
We have worked it around with particles but modules may or may not work.
Error pages should have very little on them because if the content causes an error you end up with an infinite loop - error causes error, causes error, causes error....
Regards, Mark.